{"id":1172,"date":"2021-10-30T10:22:06","date_gmt":"2021-10-30T10:22:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/shermola.net\/?p=1172"},"modified":"2022-04-23T11:00:42","modified_gmt":"2022-04-23T11:00:42","slug":"%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%a8%d8%a7%d8%af%d8%a7-%d8%aa%d9%84-%d8%a8%d9%8a%d8%af%d8%b1-%d9%88%d8%af%d9%88%d9%84%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%af%d9%8a%d9%86%d8%a9-%d9%80%d9%80%d9%80-%d8%b1%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%85","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/shermola.net\/?p=1172","title":{"rendered":"\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0627 ( \u062a\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631) \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0640\u0640\u0640 \u0631\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0648"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1173\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1173\" style=\"width: 141px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1173\" 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\u0648\u062a\u0644 \u062e\u0648\u064a\u0631\u0629 <strong><sup>(1)<\/sup><\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u062e\u0630\u0627\u0646 \u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0627\u064b <strong><sup>(3)<\/sup><\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629: <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0627 \u064a\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0643\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 35 \u0643\u0645 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b\u060c \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 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\u0648\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0648\u0631 (\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646\/ \u0644\u0648\u0628\u0648, 2005 <strong>:<\/strong> \u00a035).<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0643\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0644 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width=\"432\" height=\"156\" srcset=\"https:\/\/shermola.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/\u0631\u0633\u062a\u0645-\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0648-\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0627-\u062a\u0644-\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631-\u0648\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629-\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629-\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a-\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f-3-300x108.png 300w, https:\/\/shermola.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/\u0631\u0633\u062a\u0645-\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0648-\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0627-\u062a\u0644-\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631-\u0648\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629-\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629-\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a-\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f-3-150x54.png 150w, https:\/\/shermola.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/\u0631\u0633\u062a\u0645-\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0648-\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0627-\u062a\u0644-\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631-\u0648\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629-\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629-\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a-\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f-3.png 683w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 432px) 100vw, 432px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1179\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 2017<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0642\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a: <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0642\u064a\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1991\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u062b\u0629 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\u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u062d\u0648\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0641\u062f\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646<\/strong><strong>:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u2013 <\/strong><strong>\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629<\/strong> <strong>\u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633\u064a<\/strong> <strong>L<\/strong><strong>ate chalcolithic Age<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0645\u0631\u0651 \u062a\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0648\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0644\u0646\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f (4500 \u0642.\u0645) \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0642\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0639\u062f 1 \u0643\u0645 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644 (Lebeau, 2006).<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>1.2<\/strong><strong>&#8211; <\/strong><strong>\u00a0\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 <\/strong><strong>Old Bronze Age <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0648\u0635\u0644\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b (2900) \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0643\u064a\u0634 \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0648 \u0627\u064a\u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0627\u063a\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 (Bretschneide, 2005).<\/p>\n<p>\u0639\u0631\u0641\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0627 <strong><sup>(4)<\/sup><\/strong> Nabatium -Nabada \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635, \u0648\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0641\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0647 (Lebeau, 2006).<\/p>\n<p>\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0632\u062f\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0648\u0635\u0644\u062a \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f 25 \u0647\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b, \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0622\u062a \u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u062e\u0645\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0643\u0633\u062a \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0624\u0643\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0643\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0623\u200c-\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u00a0\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0627 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0648\u062c\u062f\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0627\u063a\u0627\u0631 (\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0648\/ \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646, 2017 : 100 ), \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0633\u0643\u0646\u064a \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a \u064a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u0648\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0642\u0637\u0631 300\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0633\u0648\u0631 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a \u00a0\u0628\u0642\u0637\u0631 600\u0645\u00a0 \u0648\u0635\u0644\u062a \u0633\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 5\u0645 , \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u062f\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062c\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a \u062c\u0639\u0644\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0627 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a (Bretschneide, 2005).<\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0642\u0635\u0631 \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0627 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0647\u0627 20 \u0645, \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0631 \u064a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u062a 2500-2475 \u0642.\u0645 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0646 13 \u063a\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u062d\u062c\u0631\u0629 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0637\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0635\u0648\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0632\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0629, \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a, \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 2475-2450 \u0642.\u0645, \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0636\u064a\u0641\u062a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0641 \u0648\u0635\u0644\u062a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0640 26 \u063a\u0631\u0641\u0629 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\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0641 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627\u064b (\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0631\u0642\u0645 3) \u0628\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u064a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d \u0628\u064a\u0646 32\u00d721\u0645 \u0628\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 50-60\u0645<sup>2<\/sup> (Bretschneide, 2005), \u0645\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0643\u0633\u0648\u0629 \u0628\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0635, \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0641 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0640 50 \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u064a\u0646 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2005).<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u062c\u062f\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0627 \u062e\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0628\u062f (\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0631\u0642\u06454) \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0633\u0645\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0628\u062f A \u064a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0631 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 , \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0646 12 \u063a\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629 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\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0628\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f 32,25 \u00d7 6,25\u0645 \u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0646 14 \u062d\u062c\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 5 \u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0648\u0648\u0631\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644, \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0645\u062e\u0632\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644, \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f 26\u00d77,50 \u0645 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u062d\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0639\u0628 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 250-300\u0645<sup>3 <\/sup>\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 (Milano, 2012). \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0633\u0637\u0628\u0644 \u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0632\u0639\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u064a\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0634\u0627\u0631\u0639\u0627\u0646 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0635\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0646, \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0645\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u0631\u0646 (Lebeau, 2006) \u0628\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0628\u062f A \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u063a\u0631\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0637\u062d\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u0648\u0628.<\/p>\n<p>\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0627\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u062a\u062e\u0630 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0636\u0647 \u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0641 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a (Sallaberger and Pru\u00df, 2005), \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u062a\u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0648\u063a\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0634\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u0637\u0628\u062e \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0644\u062e\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1175\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1175\" style=\"width: 418px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1175\" src=\"https:\/\/shermola.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/\u0631\u0633\u062a\u0645-\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0648-\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0627-\u062a\u0644-\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631-\u0648\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629-\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629-\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a-\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f-3-\u202b\u202c-3-300x174.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"418\" height=\"242\" srcset=\"https:\/\/shermola.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/\u0631\u0633\u062a\u0645-\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0648-\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0627-\u062a\u0644-\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631-\u0648\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629-\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629-\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a-\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f-3-\u202b\u202c-3-300x174.png 300w, https:\/\/shermola.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/\u0631\u0633\u062a\u0645-\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0648-\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0627-\u062a\u0644-\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631-\u0648\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629-\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629-\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a-\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f-3-\u202b\u202c-3-150x87.png 150w, https:\/\/shermola.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/\u0631\u0633\u062a\u0645-\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0648-\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0627-\u062a\u0644-\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631-\u0648\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629-\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629-\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a-\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f-3-\u202b\u202c-3.png 667w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 418px) 100vw, 418px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1175\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0637 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0628\u062f \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0636<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629:<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b (2500) \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f (Lebeau, 2006) \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0628\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0628\u062f \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639 \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0631 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0622\u0646\u0630\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 1300-2900 \u0646\u0633\u0645\u0629 (Sallaberger and Pru\u00df, 2005) \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0639\u0627\u0645 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0630\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0632\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 ((Sallaberger and Pru\u00df, 2005 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0646 \u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u062a\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0643\u062b\u0641 \u0644\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 (\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646\/ \u0644\u0648\u0628\u0648, 2005 : \u00a035) .<\/p>\n<p>\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 2450-2400 \u0642.\u0645 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0627 \u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0648 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0640 \u0646\u0627\u063a\u0627\u0631 Nagar (\u062a\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0643) (Milano, 2012), \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0625\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u063a\u0627\u0631<strong><sup>(5)<\/sup><\/strong> \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u0627 (\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0625\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0644, 2004 \u00a0).<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u062a\u0636\u062d \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0628\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0644\u0646\u0627\u063a\u0627\u0631 (\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646\/ \u0644\u0648\u0628\u0648, 2005 <strong>:<\/strong> \u00a043) \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0634\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0646\u0627\u063a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u062a\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0640 17 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0627\u064a\u0628\u0644\u0627, \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u062a\u0644\u0642\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627(Sallaberger and Ur, 2004).<\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u0630\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u063a\u0627\u0631 (Milano, 2012) \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 12 \u0623\u0648 13 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0637\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644, \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0637\u0646\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u063a\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0637\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f 22 \u0643\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649, \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 9 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 (Sallaberger and Ur, 2004).<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0637\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0632\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 299- 506\u0643\u0645<sup>2<\/sup> \u0648\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 6 \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u062d\u062a\u0649 13 \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0646\u0633\u0645\u0629 (Sallaberger and Ur, 2004 ).<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 7 \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 8 \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0634\u064a\u0629 (\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646\/ \u0644\u0648\u0628\u0648, 2005 <strong>:<\/strong> \u00a041) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0631\u0639\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0646\u0642\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 (\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0625\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0644, 2004 \u00a0).<\/p>\n<p>\u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631 \u0641\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0632\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0631\u0649 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u064a\u0632\u0631\u0639 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u062d \u0648\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 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\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u062a\u0642\u0647 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0639\u0638\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 (\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646\/ \u0644\u0648\u0628\u0648, 2005 : \u00a042).<\/p>\n<p>\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u064a\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0647\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0641\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 (Lebeau and Suleiman, 2003)\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0627 \u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a (Sallaberger and Pru\u00df, 2005) \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u00a0 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062c\u064a\u0631\u0633\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0629 ((Sallaberger and Pru\u00df, 2005, \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u064a\u0646\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0634\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u063a\u0631\u0641 \u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u062f\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646 ((Sallaberger and Pru\u00df, 2005<sup> \u00a0<\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u062a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0646\u0633\u0628\u062a\u0647\u0646\u0651 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u062b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 ( (Sallaberger and Pru\u00df, 2005.<\/p>\n<p>\u0644\u0639\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u063a\u0632\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u064a\u062c \u0648\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u062c\u0646\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648 \u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646 , \u0648\u0643\u0646\u0651 \u0645\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0648\u0631 (\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0625\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0644, 2004 )\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0648\u0635\u0641\u062a \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0627\u0647\u0646\u0651 \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0628\u062d\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0625\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062c\u0646\u0627\u062d \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0627\u063a\u0627\u0631 (\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0625\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0644, 2004 ).<\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u00a0Anmalum \u0648\u0625\u0634\u063a\u0627\u0631 \u00a0\u00a0Ishgar\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0631\u062f \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a (Sallaberger and Ur, 2004).<\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0631\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0641 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0627 \u0641\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0646 (\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0634\u0628) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0638\u0627\u0641\u0631\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0632\u0627\u0641\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u062d\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0648 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u062e\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0635\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0625\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u0629 \u064a\u062f\u0644 \u0628\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0628\u0642\u062a \u062a\u062f\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0648\u0644 (\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646\/ \u0644\u0648\u0628\u0648, 2005 <strong>:<\/strong> \u00a035).<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0639 \u0633\u0644\u0639 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0630 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062d \u0648\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0646\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u062f\u0628\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u0648\u062f (\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0625\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0644, 2004 )<sup>.<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u064a\u062a\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u0635\u0635 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0634\u0647\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u0648 \u0635\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u0644\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u062c\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633 (Sallaberger and Pru\u00df, 2005).<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u064a\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0643\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0641\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0628\u0627\u0631 (Sallaberger and Pru\u00df, 2005) \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u064a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 Kaurlium \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u064a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u062e\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a khalti \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0646 ((Sallaberger and Pru\u00df, 2005\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u0648\u0645 Arrum \u0648\u0623\u0631\u0634\u064a\u0627\u062e\u0648 Arshiachu \u0648\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645 Tabaalim \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0646\u0627\u063a\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0627\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062e\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u062d\u0635\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u064a\u0631 (Sallaberger and Ur, 2004; Ur, 2004).<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 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\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646, 2017 : 99), \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0628\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a (\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0625\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0644, 2004 ) \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 140-147 \u0648\u062c\u062f\u062a \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0639\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 16 \u0631\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0623\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0628\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 40 \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0648\u0631(Bretschneider, 2000), \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0639\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0635 \u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u062c\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629 (\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0625\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0644, 2004 ).<\/p>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0645\u062f\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u062d\u0631\u0641 \u0633\u0648\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0631\u0642\u0645 5- 6) \u062a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0633\u0627\u0631\u063a\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0641\u062f\u064a\u0646 (UR,2004), \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u062e\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u063a\u0648\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0629 (UR,2004 ) \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u063a\u0648\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u064a\u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0640 350 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u0627\u064b (UR,2004), \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u062b \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0633\u0648\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0629 (Milano, 2012 ).<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0642\u0637\u0631 4-5 \u0633\u0645 \u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u062d\u062c\u0645\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0637\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f 12\u0633\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u062e\u0630 \u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0628\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0641 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u064a\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u062f\u0629 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\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u062c\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0641 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646.<\/p>\n<p>\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0632\u064a\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 (Bretschneide, 2005), \u0648\u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0628\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0643\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u062f\u0645\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627 Pa-ba \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0632\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0625\u064a\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u064a\u0644 (UR,2004), \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<p>\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0639\u0646 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0646\u0627\u063a\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0640 \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0642\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 (Bretschneide, 2005; Lebeau, 2006) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0636\u0627\u062d\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0647 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0627\u063a\u0627\u0646 Shamagan (\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a) \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062e\u0635\u0635 \u0644\u0647 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0628\u062f \u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u062f\u062a\u0647 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0644\u0648\u0628\u0648 (\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646\/ \u0644\u0648\u0628\u0648, 2005 : \u00a035) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0634\u0645\u0634 (\u0625\u0644\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629) \u0648\u0625\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0631\u0627 (\u0625\u0644\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0630\u0648\u0631) (\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0625\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0644, 2004 \u00a0), \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0647 \u0646\u0627\u063a\u0627\u0631 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0627 \u0644\u064a\u062a\u0645\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0636\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0631\u0641\u0647 (\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646\/ \u0644\u0648\u0628\u0648, 2005 <strong>:<\/strong> \u00a035).<\/p>\n<p>\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 2350-2250 \u0642.\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u0635 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u0637 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0645\u0648\u062a \u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u00a0Hartmut Khune, \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0642\u062f \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0627 (Bretschneider, 2000).<\/p>\n<p>\u062e\u0636\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u0643\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0636\u0649 \u062c\u0639\u0644\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0628 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0642\u0644\u0635 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0644\u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f 1 \u0647\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u0642\u0637 (Lebeau, 2006) \u0648\u0647\u062c\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0628\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0628\u062fD \u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 (Lebeau, 2006).<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1176\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1176\" style=\"width: 378px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1176\" src=\"https:\/\/shermola.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/\u0631\u0633\u062a\u0645-\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0648-\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0627-\u062a\u0644-\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631-\u0648\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629-\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629-\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a-\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f-3-\u202b\u202c-4-300x157.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"378\" height=\"198\" srcset=\"https:\/\/shermola.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/\u0631\u0633\u062a\u0645-\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0648-\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0627-\u062a\u0644-\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631-\u0648\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629-\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629-\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a-\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f-3-\u202b\u202c-4-300x157.png 300w, https:\/\/shermola.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/\u0631\u0633\u062a\u0645-\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0648-\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0627-\u062a\u0644-\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631-\u0648\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629-\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629-\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a-\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f-3-\u202b\u202c-4-150x79.png 150w, https:\/\/shermola.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/\u0631\u0633\u062a\u0645-\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0648-\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0627-\u062a\u0644-\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631-\u0648\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629-\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629-\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a-\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f-3-\u202b\u202c-4-768x402.png 768w, https:\/\/shermola.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/\u0631\u0633\u062a\u0645-\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0648-\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0627-\u062a\u0644-\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631-\u0648\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629-\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629-\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a-\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f-3-\u202b\u202c-4.png 827w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 378px) 100vw, 378px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1176\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u062a\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u00a0<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>&#8211; <strong>\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b <\/strong><strong>Middel and Late Bronze Age<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u062d\u0648\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0632\u062f\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0627 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0648\u0635\u0644\u062a \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f 50 \u0647\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0631 (Lebeau, 2006), \u062a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u062c\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628. \u0639\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0629 (80 \u0633\u0645) \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0642\u0641 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u062e\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0632\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0632\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0624\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 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href=\"http:\/\/www.desteya-shunwaran.com\"><strong>www.desteya-shunwaran.com<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627<\/strong><strong>\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>1<\/strong>\u0640 \u0625\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0642, &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631&#8221;, \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629, \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 492, \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629, \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642, 2004.<\/p>\n<p><strong>2<\/strong>\u0640 \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0623\u0646\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0646\/ \u0644\u0648\u0628\u0648, \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643, &#8220;\u062a\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0627, \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629, 10 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 (1992-2002)&#8221;, \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0649 \u062f\u064a\u0628 \u062e\u0648\u0631\u064a, \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629, \u0645\u064a\u0634\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0633\u064a, \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 VI, , \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629, \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642, 2005.<\/p>\n<p><strong>3<\/strong>\u0640 \u0644\u0648\u0628\u0648, \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\/ \u0623\u0646\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646, &#8221; \u062a\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\/ \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0627 &#8221; , \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 &#8220;\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0623\u062b\u0631\u064a&#8221;, \u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 \u0643\u064a\u0646\u062c\u0648 \u0648\u0623\u0643\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a, \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 \u0643\u064a\u0646\u062c\u0648, \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0646\u064a, \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642, \u06371, 2017.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>&#8211;<\/strong>Bretschneide, J., 2005. Life and Death in Nabada. Scientific American Sp 15, 52\u201359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/scientificamerican0105-52sp.<\/p>\n<p><strong>&#8211;<\/strong>Bretschneider, J., 2000. Scientific American., SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. Munn &amp; Co.<\/p>\n<p>-Lebeau, M., 2006. Nabada (Tell Beydar), an Early Bronze Age City in the Syrian Jezirah. Lecture presented in T\u00fcbingen.<\/p>\n<p>-Lebeau, M., Suleiman, A., 2003. Tell Beydar\/Nabada. An Early Bronze Age City in the Syrian Jezirah: 10 Years of Research (1992\u20132002).<\/p>\n<p>-Milano, L., 2012. \u201cReflections about City Administration, Record-keeping and the Management of Primary Resources at Tell Beydar\/Nabada,\u201d in: Lanfranchi, G.B., Morandi Bonacossi, D., Pappi, C., Ponchia, S. (Eds.), \u201cReflections about City Administration, Record-Keeping and the Management of Primary Resources at Tell Beydar\/Nabada.\u201d Harrassowitz, pp. 507\u2013526. http:\/\/www.beydar.org\/?page_id=145<\/p>\n<p>-Sallaberger, W., Pru\u00df, A., 2005. Home and Work in Early Bronze Age Mesopotamia:\u201cRation Lists\u201d and \u201cPrivate Houses\u201d at Tell Beydar\/Nabada, in: Labor. International Scholars Conferences on Ancient Near Eastern Economics. pp. 69\u2013136.<\/p>\n<p>-Sallaberger, W., Ur, J., 2004. Third Millennium Cuneiform Texts from Tell Beydar (Seasons 1996-2002), Subartu 12. Brepols, Turnhout.<\/p>\n<p>-Ur, J., 2004. Urbanism and society in the third millennium Upper Khabur basin. ProQuest Dissertations Publishing.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u00a0 &nbsp; \u0645\u0644\u062e\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u062a\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631\u064a \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0641\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0642.\u0645, \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0647, \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0639 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1174,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[5],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1172","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-bs"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0627 ( \u062a\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631) \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0640\u0640\u0640 \u0631\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0648 -<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/shermola.net\/?p=1172\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ar_AR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" 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